Exposure to disulfoton happens mostly from breathing contaminated air, drinking contaminated water, and eating contaminated food. High exposures can cause harmful effects on the nervous system. Disulfoton has been found in at least 7 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
What is disulfoton?
Disulfoton is a manufactured substance used as a pesticide to control a variety of harmful pests that attack many field and vegetable crops. It does not occur naturally. Pure disulfoton is a colorless oil with an unidentifiable characteristic odor and taste. The technical product is dark yellowish, with an aromatic odor. Common trade names are Di-syston, Disystox, Frumin AL, and Soilvirex. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
It is used to protect small grains, sorghum, corn, and other field crops; some vegetables, fruit, and nut crops; and ornamental and potted plants against certain insects. Although it is used mostly in agriculture, small quantities are used on home and garden plants, and for mosquito control in swamps. The use of disulfoton has decreased in recent years.
What happens to disulfoton when it enters the environment?
- Disulfoton enters the environment when it is applied on field crops, vegetables, potted plants, and home gardens.
- Disulfoton is found mainly in soil and water.
- Natural chemical reactions and bacteria remove it from soil and water.
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Fish accumulate disulfoton in their bodies.
- Disulfoton binds moderately to soil and typically does not travel deep into soil with rainwater.
- In water, it takes about 7 days for half of it to break down.
- In soil, it takes about 3.5-290 days for half of it to break down, depending on soil type, moisture, and temperature.
How might I be exposed to disulfoton?
- Breathing contaminated air, drinking contaminated water, and eating contaminated food.
- Living near hazardous waste sites where it is found.
- For children, touching or eating soil at or near hazardous waste sites that contain disulfoton.
- Working in fields where it is sprayed.
- Working in industries that manufacture and formulate it.
- Using it in your home or garden.
How can disulfoton affect my health?
In people, disulfoton mainly causes harmful effects to the nervous system. Depending on the amount of disulfoton that enters the body, effects on the nervous system, such as narrowing of the pupils, vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, difficulty in breathing, tremors, convulsions, and even death may occur. These effects can occur if you breathe in, ingest, or touch disulfoton. If you ingest disulfoton from food or water for long periods, it may affect your eyes and you may become nearsighted. You may become weak and tired after skin contact with disulfoton.
Ingesting high levels of disulfoton can cause similar nervous system (neurologic) effects in animals. Animals that ingested disulfoton for long periods became nearsighted, and the structures of their eyes were damaged.
We do not know whether disulfoton causes reproductive or birth defects in people. Some animals that ingested disulfoton during pregnancy had newborns with underdeveloped bones, damaged livers and kidneys, and underdeveloped testes.
Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health?
The EPA recommends that no more than 10 parts of disulfoton per billion parts of water (10 ppb) be present in water that children drink for periods of up to 10 days. They also recommend that disulfoton should not exceed 3ppb for children or 9 ppb for adults if they drink water for longer periods of time, and it should not exceed 0.3 ppb for adults who drink the water for a lifetime. The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases of disulfoton into the environment of 1 pound or more must be reported.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has set a limit of 0.1 milligram of disulfoton per cubic meter of air (0.1mg/m3) for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends an exposure limit of 0.1 mg disulfoton/m3 of air for a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. Source: CDC
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